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最近在网络上各光学，军事，统计网站搜集了一些有关望远镜历史的资料，放到这里和各位共享，应该都是国内网站上首次发表，转载请注明，资料太多实在没工夫都翻译过来，各位见谅。
The German military 6 x 30 binocular.
Excerpts from sections 2; 2.3.4.1; 2.3.4.2; 2.5; 2.6; 4; 4.3; of: Hans
Seeger. Militaerische Fernglaeser und Fernrohre in Heer, Luftwaffe, und
Marine. Hamburg: Seeger, 1996.
2
Between the wars, military personnel could buy their own service
glasses, as noted in Army regulations of July 15 1929: 'Price for
Personal Field glasses. The price for a Doppelfernrohr 6 x 30 with
accessories is fixed on July 1, 1929 at 115.50 marks according to the
order of March 7, 1925, No 2882/2 Wa 4 IV (concerning the purchase of
private binoculars for members of the military). This situation did not
last. During the Second World War, sales to private individuals were at
first restricted, then outlawed, and at last permitted to heavily
wounded war veterans under certain conditions.
2.3.4.1
Among all military binoculars after the end of the first World War,
the 6 x 30 service glass became predominant in both the Navy and the
Army, and it remained the Army抯 most used binocular for decades. From
the Army regulations for 1927 and 1940: 'As a standard double telescope
for all branches of the Army of the Reich, the double telescope 6 x 30
with normal reticle..... and a field of view of 150m at 1000m distance.'
In terms of its importance and the quantities produced, the D.F. 6 x
30 was increasingly important after W.W.I. was produced in larger
quantities than any other. In the Army Regulations of November 29,
1919, after the end of the First World War, an inventory was ordered of
the quantity of optical instruments in the infantry, because of new
regulations on equipping the troops with optical instruments, and only
the Fernglaeser 03, 08, 6 x 30, and 10 x 50 are listed as hand held
binoculars. In a March 1939 paper regarding the height calibrations of
reticles, only the 6 x 30 and 10 x 50 are mentioned; and in an Army
technical regulation of June 1944 concerning the carrying strap for the
Doppelfernrohre 6 x 30 and 10 x 50.
The design of the common D.F. 6 x 30 is similar to the equally common
Zeiss Silvamar, with only minor differences.. Fig 52 is a facsimile
print of the Army regulations H.Dv. 448/1, for the D.F. 6 x 30; the
markings used there are mostly used in this book. Fig. 53 shows several
6 x 30s. [page 95] In the 'Basismodell' 6x30 are found many
developments which appear later in other models of binoculars: brass
housing covers, originally used in more expensive models, were replaced
by zinc; and leather or hard rubber covers were replaced by black
lacquered cardboard or just lacquer, during the first World War in
Germany. For further details see note in 4.3.1.
In the thirties, for the great majority of German field glasses,
nearly all metal parts of the service glasses were made of aluminum, to
save valuable brass and to reduce weight. However, at least until the
beginning of the war, German military outfits could order models with
some brass parts.
Two other measures led to further weight reduction: In Germany field
glasses with 'Elektron' metal housings were built, (the corresponding
civilian Zeiss field glasses were called 'Federleicht' [Featherweight]).
The bulk of the materials was reduced, and the weight of models of the
same design and classification, was reduced. (see Seeger,
'Feldstecher', page 80). From 1940-41, service glasses in Germany were
not marked with the manufacturer抯 imprint, but instead with the so-
called production imprint, consisting of three lower case letters (see
paragraph 2.3.4.-VI). Models which were produced towards the end of the
war, occasionally had neither the company name nor the code imprint, see
fig. 53. That is also an indication of wartime production, where
unnecessary finishing measures were often (but not always) omitted.
During WWII, a black lacquer replaced the cover material on field glass
housings for the German models. The particular consistency was achieved
by adding cork meal. [page 98] At the war抯 end, even black pigments
were hard to get, and a sandcolored lacquer was used for some optics and
other equipment (even vehicles). This was originally planned for the
Africa Corps and received the name: 'standard camouflage paint Europe'.
But, this color is not the rule for optics; since, except for some
military Dialyte 6 x 30 military glasses (fig. 63), and
慦inkelfernrohre?[慳ngle telescopes? trench binoculars] (fig. 122),
the author doesn抰 know of any sand colored military field glasses.
Some further details on the accessories of the German Army
'Grundmodelle' [basic model]: The Army regulation news of August 1934
says under 'binocular 6 x 30': 'The carrying case for the 6 x 30
delivered by Zeiss is to be changed in the following ways: a) Cloth
cover for the holding blocks instead of leather. b) holding blocks to be
fastened to the case by wooden screws. c) Artificial leather cover to be
removed from the lid and a new leather cover to be glued in...' These
regulations can help when pinpointing the age of Zeiss field glass
cases. The following news from the 'General Army news' of Oct. 7, 1939
is important because it contains serial numbers and indirectly points to
the introduction of bakelite field glass cases:
'Binocular 6 x 30 Cases. The 6 x 30 binoculars of G. Rodenstock,
Munich, up to production number 203501 of M. Hensoldt and Sons, Wetzlar,
to production number 383621 and Oigee, Berlin-Schoeneberg to production
number 21651 are possibly to be stored in the case for the binocular 6 x
30 made of leather, since they can only with difficulty be stored in the
cases of bakelite.'
The regulations of Sept. 1942, are known to collectors and allow them
to maintain the authenticity of their field glass cases when they lack
the case carrying strap: 'Binoculars 6 x 30 and 8 x 30... 1. In the
future only 50% of the binoculars 6 x 30 and 8 x 30 are to be equipped
with carrying straps. 2. Army and Army Reserve shall receive only D.F.
6 x 30 and D.F. 8 x 30 without carrying strap as replacements until
further notice. Carrying straps which are missing according to 1. have
to be specially requested.' Concerning the field glass strap, the Army
Regulations from June 15, 1944 report:
'Binoculars 6 x 30 and 10 x 50 Binocular carrying strap
The carrying straps for binoculars DF 6 x 30 and 10 x 50 are provided
with 5 button holes from now on, so that they can be adjusted. The
binocular carrying straps at hand can be changed by the armourer
according to the enclosed drawing.
The Busch 'Bakelitglas' is not a cheap model; it is of good optical
quality, and has specifications which cannot be found in other service
glasses. There are eccentric steel inserts in the screwholes of the
joint to preadjust the two halves (parallel positioning), and the two
prisms in each side are different sizes for the changing direction of
light in the housing (adjusting to the ray passage) [the cone of light
from the objective requires a larger 慺irst?prism than the following
prism], and finally an especially shock resistant mounting of the
prisms. (*This design, with prisms of different height, was tried
before, for example circa 1916 in the Voigtlaender Service Glass.) This
unusual service glass was produced with the idea in mind, to produce a
robust service glass without using expensive materials. Consequently,
the glass consisted of 200 grams of bakelite, 140 grams of glass (lenses
and prisms), and of 200 grams of steel and zinc or zinc alloy. The
serial numbers of these 'Bakelitglaesern' which are known to the
author, are between 407,000 and 426,000. This range of numbers includes
the serial numbers of no other Busch models that are known (to the
author). We can therefore suppose that perhaps 19,000 of these
'Bakelitglaesern' were manufactured.
Before and during WW II, lens coatings were (probably) not put on
the optics of the German 6 x 30 Service models, for the 'Grundmodell'
[basic model] was probably not considered worthy of this expensive
process. An exception was a later Zeiss 6 x 30 navy model (marked with
an M). Using special 慻as mask oculars? some of these 6 x 30s were
used with gas masks, which was considered an important application, see
fig. 55.
2.3.4.2
The D.F. 6 x 30 was probably developed along with the Zeiss 6 x 30.
The corresponding civilian version was first introduced in the 1907
brochure T 74. These binoculars have the modern form with straight
housing covers with a rim that is bent over the housing, see figures 52,
53, and 57.
General Army communications of February 1940: Instead of 11
binoculars 6 x 30 for the photometer batteries, there will be in the
future 11 binoculars 10 x 50.
4
In about 1902, Goerz, Berlin built the first 6 x 30 model, the
慚arineglas Pernox? The 6 x 30 specifications proved to be a useful
combination of magnification and objective diameter, and 6 x 30 models
are popular to this day, see fig. 193.
The Pernox, also called the Jagdglas Pernox [hunting glass], and
available with center focus, included an important innovation, no lower
prism housing cover, eliminating a source of leakage. The body was
extended downward & cast of aluminum, the prototype for later marine
glasses (see figures 30, 255, and 257). There is no proof that the
Pernox was actually used in the Imperial Navy, though the early Pernox
models were of a design that would have been especially desirable for
the Navy. There are no known examples with the Naval 'M' or crown, but
probably Pernox binoculars were privately bought by navy personnel, with
official blessing. A Goerz brochure of Dec. 1907 described the 'New
light gathering special marine glass, extra bright. Recommended to the
officers and cadets of the Imperial Navy for purchase at discount
according to the bulletin of the Imperial Navy office of Sept. 27,
1907.'
The first Zeiss 6 x 30 model, 慚arineglas? appeared shortly after
the Pernox, and featured the Zeiss patent increased distance between the
objectives. This was later named the Silvamar (IF) and Silvarem (CF),
available after about 1910.
After the expiration of the Zeiss patent, the Goerz 慚arine-Trieder?
and the 慚arinefernglas 09?were brought to the market, see fig. 195.
[page 285] There are no essential differences between these and the
Zeiss marine models with the same magnification.
A paper from February 1908 described some early Zeiss models:
'Your Honor. We present to you with polite reference to the repeated
recommendations concerning the Marine-Model of the Zeiss binocular on
the part of the state secretary of the Marine Office (for example, on
the 27th of September 1907); enclosed, a prospectus and order form
apropos the military models of the Zeiss field glass. We take the
liberty to point out that the two military models: D.F. 6 x 21 and D.F.
6 x 30 are officially introduced to the German Navy, and show the D.F. 6
x 21 for the Naval-Infantry (with W. IIb 12649 of March 28, 1907), and
the D.F. 6 x 30, for use on board (with W IIb 9602 of July 22 07 and H.
IIa 8453 of September 27, 1907). Furthermore, you might be interested
in the fact that we have, since beginning production of our field glass,
or about 14 years, sold so far more than 130,000 at a steadily
increasing rate.
Sincerely, Carl Zeiss, Jena. February 1908'
Well into the second World War, the Germans used Naval marked 6 x 30
glasses, engraved 'M' (Marine) and with the eagle & swastika. But after
the first World War, the 6 x 30 models were less import to the Navy.
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